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Allergology and Immunology

This section considers studies regarding the epidemiology, pathology, prevention, and control of allergic and immunologic diseases in children and adolescents.

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  1. To explore the impact of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on in-hospital outcomes in children hospitalized for asthma exacerbations.

    Authors: Dai-Xuan Lin, Ya-Ting Chang, Yu-Chun Lo and Shih-Ming Weng
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:135
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. A significant proportion of Kawasaki disease (KD) patients suffer from intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance after initial IVIG treatment, which results in persistent coronary artery injury. This study ...

    Authors: Xinping Lin, Yunsong Li, Sihuang Chen, Shiteng Lin, Xiaoqing Yang and Wei Zhuang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:117
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS) represents a severe manifestation of Kawasaki Disease (KD). In recent years, logistic regression prediction models have gained widespread application in forecasting the o...

    Authors: Zhihui Zhao, Yue Yuan, Lu Gao, Hongxia Li, Qirui Li, Zhen Zhen, Shunying Zhao and Yanyan Xiao
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:106
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) frequently occurs in preterm infants, causing significantly impaired lung function and increased mortality rates. Studies on plasma protein levels can facilitate early detectio...

    Authors: Jia Chen, Yuanye He, Ying Liu, Zhiwei Guo, Longli Yan, Xiaotao Jiang and Weiwei Gao
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:81
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Management of patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) is challenging because of frequent relapses. Causal variants in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II region that are associated wit...

    Authors: Hui Yin, Sijie Yu, Xuelan Chen, Haiping Yang, Mo Wang, Qiu Li and Han Chan
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:79
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit and disruptive behaviour disorders (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and schizophrenia have been increasingly prevalent recently. Previous research ...

    Authors: Jiangwei Qin, Yunfan Zhang, Ruolan Hu, Mingying Lin, Ruixin Yu, Yimin Hua and Yifei Li
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:76
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. Tourette syndrome (TS), a neurological and psychological disease, typically exhibit motor and phonic tics. The pathophysiology of TS remains controversial. Currently, the recognized pathogenesis of TS is the i...

    Authors: Xinnan Wu, Juanjuan Hao, Keyu Jiang, Min Wu, Xin Zhao and Xin Zhang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:63
    Content type: Review Published on:

  9. Pediatric Kawasaki disease (KD) patients showing resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are at risk of coronary artery lesions; thus, early prediction of IVIG resistance is particularly important. Her...

    Authors: Shuhui Wang, Na Sun, PanPan Liu, Weiguo Qian, Qiuqin Xu, DaoPing Yang, Mingyang Zhang, Miao Hou, Ye Chen, Guanghui Qian, Chunmei Gao, Ling Sun and Haitao Lv
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:55
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. The relationship between Kawasaki disease (KD) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the association between them.

    Authors: Chih-Wei Hsu, Yu-Wei Lin, Yang-Chieh Brian Chen, Liang-Jen Wang and Ho-Chang Kuo
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Kawasaki disease (KD) primarily affects young children and can lead to coronary artery lesions. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment is essential; however, it may fail in 10-20% of cases, increasing the...

    Authors: Junshan Zhao, Yingying Ma, Li Xin, Lijun Wang and Hongliang Gao
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) in pediatric patients present significant clinical challenges due to their potential for severe, life-threatening reactions such as anaphylaxis. Although less common than...

    Authors: Angela Klain, Francesca Galletta, Francesca Mori, Irene Bettini, Leonardo Tomei, Antonio Andrea Senatore, Sara Manti, Amelia Licari, Michele Miraglia del Giudice and Cristiana Indolfi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:43
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  13. Generalized Pustular Psoriasis (GPP) is an autoinflammatory, multisystemic disease, characterized by widespread eruption of neutrophilic pustules on erythematous base, accompanied by systemic symptoms such as ...

    Authors: Maria Esposito, Paolo Antonetti, Emanuele Vagnozzi, Andrea De Berardinis, Roberta Bertelli, Francesco Brancati and Maria Concetta Fargnoli
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:41
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  14. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) in children can negatively impact renal function, potentially leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). This study compares the prevalence of AKI and other adverse in-hospital ...

    Authors: Chien-Hung Lin, Wen-Sheng Liu, Chuan Wan and Hsin-Hui Wang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. There’s an increasing role of nailfold capillaroscopy in the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease in chronic inflammatory disorders. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is one such disorder, which raises c...

    Authors: Ahmed S. Abo Hola, Rania S. El Zayat, Wafaa Ahmed Shehata, Mai I. Elashmawy, Noha E. Khalaf and Heba M. S. El Zefzaf
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:35
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. There is no known effective treatment strategy to prevent relapses and avert permanent neurological sequelae in opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome (OMS). To describe the treatment strategy that reduced relapses and...

    Authors: Fang He, Miriam Kessi, Ciliu Zhang, Jing Peng, Fei Yin and Lifen Yang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare auto-inflammatory disease that mainly affects children, and manifests with single or multiple painful bone lesions. Due to the lack of specific laboratory mar...

    Authors: Grazia Bossi, Maria Sole Prevedoni Gorone, Luca Lungarotti, Francesco Pelillo, Amelia Mascolo, Matteo Naso, Daniele Veraldi, Francesca Olivero, Costanza Chirico, Maria Vittoria Marino, Cristina Dutto and Gian Luigi Marseglia
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:22
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  18. Atraumatic avascular necrosis (AVN) is a severe condition that may complicate the course of rheumatic diseases and contribute to long-term damage. However, there is a lack of evidence on this rare event in ped...

    Authors: Ivan Taietti, Federico Zini, Emilio Amleto Conti, Enrica Cristini, Irene Borzani, Giulia Ramponi, Claudia Bracaglia, Raffaele Pecoraro, Riccardo Papa, Jessica Tibaldi, Serena Pastore, Gabriele Simonini, Marco Cattalini, Antonella Meini, Achille Marino, Stefano Lanni…
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2025 51:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. From a taxonomic point of view, Hymenoptera are subclassified into families: Apidae, including honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus), and Vespidae, which, in turn, are divided into the subfamilies of...

    Authors: Mattia Giovannini, Francesca Mori, Simona Barni, Francesca Saretta, Stefania Arasi, Riccardo Castagnoli, Lucia Liotti, Carla Mastrorilli, Luca Pecoraro, Lucia Caminiti, Gunter Johannes Sturm, Gian Luigi Marseglia, Michele Miraglia del Giudice and Elio Novembre
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:262
    Content type: Review Published on:

  20. In the last year, there have been many remarkable articles published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics. This review highlights papers that can be potentially helpful in healthcare practice among the most ci...

    Authors: Carlo Caffarelli, Francesca Santamaria, Elena Bozzola, Bertrand Tchana, Ettore Piro, Enrico Vito Buono, Daniela Cunico, Raffaele Cerchione, Alessandro Dorato, Cristina Fontanella, Sergio Bernasconi and Giovanni Corsello
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:244
    Content type: Review Published on:

  21. Non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) bronchiectasis (BE) is defined as a clinical syndrome of recurrent, persistent wet cough and abnormal bronchial dilatation on chest High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) scans...

    Authors: Rossella Lamberti, Simona Ferraro, Andrea Farolfi, Michele Ghezzi, Salvatore Zirpoli, Alice Marianna Munari, Sai Spandana Adivishnu, Giuseppe Marano, Elia Biganzoli, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti and Enza D’Auria
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:243
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. This study investigated the factors influencing the prognosis of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in patients from the Guangxi region.

    Authors: Sheng Li, Chao He, Yu Sun, Jie Chen, Yunguang Liu, Zengpo Huang, Weifang Huang, Yongqiu Meng, Wenjing Liu, Xianqiang Lei, Rihong Zhao, Zihui Lin, Chunlin Huang, Fengying Lei and Yuanhan Qin
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:242
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Oral immunotherapy is proposed as the only active intervention to modify allergies and decrease the risk of severe reactions. However, it is crucial to note that oral immunotherapy still presents a notable fai...

    Authors: Francesca Nicolardi, Federica Corona, Laura Badina, Irene Berti and Egidio Barbi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:232
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

    The original article was published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:40

    The Letter to the Editor to this article has been published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:233

  24. Filters and photoediting are widely used to transform or alter photos, mainly selfies, before sharing with friends or on social networks. In adult population there is a strong evidence of the potential risks o...

    Authors: Elena Bozzola, Elena Scarpato, Cinthia Caruso, Rocco Russo, Tommaso Aversa and Rino Agostiniani
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:229
    Content type: Review Published on:

  25. The incidence of eating disorders in children, mainly of anorexia nervosa, is dramatically increased in the last years. A timely identification of the disease is associated with higher rates of recovery. Aim o...

    Authors: Elena Bozzola, Sarah Barni, Maria Rosaria Marchili, Romie Hellmann, Emanuela Del Giudice, Giampaolo De Luca and Vita Cupertino
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:221
    Content type: Review Published on:

  26. The use of mobile applications helps improving self-management in adolescents with asthma. However, no evidence is available for children with preschool wheezing. In addition, we have no data on the reliabilit...

    Authors: Nicola Ullmann, Adriana Fracchiolla, Alessandra Boni, Valentina Negro, Federica Porcaro, Antonio Di Marco, Salvatore Tripodi and Renato Cutrera
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:220
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Hypertension (HTN), especially masked hypertension, is one of the cardiovascular consequences of nephrotic syndrome. Masked hypertension cannot be identified during routine follow-up visits and adversely effec...

    Authors: Eman Abobakr Abd Alazem, Sonia Ali El-Saiedi, Shradha Chitrakar and Shorouk A. Othman
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:214
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. To explore the application value of syndecan-1 (SDC-1) in the diagnosis of coronary artery lesions (CALs) in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients and the correlation of multiple laboratory indicators in KD patients.

    Authors: Ling Dai, Lingbo Zhang, Jie He, Rui Huang, Wenwen Tang, Huan Guo and Xiaoke Shang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:209
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. This study delves into the risk perceptions of Italian pediatricians concerning climate change's impact on children's health. Given children's heightened vulnerability to climate-related health risks, comprehe...

    Authors: Sara Moraca, Luciana Indinnimeo and Paola De Nuntiis
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:170
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:211

  30. Drug hypersensitivity reactions are common in children. Risk factors predisposing to IgE-mediated drug allergies and delayed drug reactions are a matter of debate. Gender, age, previous reactions to the same d...

    Authors: Francesca Mori, Francesca Saretta, Sara Riscassi, Silvia Caimmi, Paolo Bottau, Lucia Liotti, Fabrizio Franceschini, Annamaria Bianchi, Rocco Luigi Valluzzi, Giuseppe Crisafulli and Carlo Caffarelli
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:127
    Content type: Review Published on:

  31. Food supplements are defined as foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, ...

    Authors: Giorgio Ciprandi, Maria Daglia, Giulia Brindisi, Francesco Paolo Brunese, Giulio Dinardo, Alessandra Gori, Cristiana Indolfi, Matteo Naso, Enrico Tondina, Chiara Trincianti, Attilio Varricchio, Anna Maria Zicari, Michele Miraglia del Giudice and Lorenzo Drago
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:118
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  32. Short-acting bronchodilators are a class of medications commonly used to treat asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other respiratory conditions. The use of these medications has evolved over tim...

    Authors: Amelia Licari, Sara Manti, Francesco Mastellone, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice, Gian Luigi Marseglia and Maria Angela Tosca
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:104
    Content type: Review Published on:

  33. Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kδ) Syndrome (APDS) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI) with a variable clinical presentation, characterized by infection susceptibility and immune dysregulation that m...

    Authors: Vassilios Lougaris, Federico Le Piane, Caterina Cancrini, Francesca Conti, Alberto Tommasini, Raffaele Badolato, Antonino Trizzino, Marco Zecca, Antonio De Rosa, Federica Barzaghi and Claudio Pignata
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:103
    Content type: Review Published on:

  34. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) shows a significant overlap of symptoms with other hyper-inflammatory diseases such as Kawasaki disease (KD), but the real difference of the two conditions...

    Authors: Maria Cristina Maggio, Alessio Lembo, Francesca Finazzo, Annalisa Alaimo, Guglielmo Francesco Benfratello and Giovanni Corsello
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:91
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Pollution of the indoor environment represents a concern for human health, mainly in case of prolonged exposure such as in the case of women, children, the elderly, and the chronically ill, who spend most of t...

    Authors: Elena Bozzola, Rino Agostiniani, Laura Pacifici Noja, Jibin Park, Paolo Lauriola, Tiziana Nicoletti, Domenica Taruscio, Giovanni Taruscio and Alberto Mantovani
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:69
    Content type: Debate Published on:

  36. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is characterized by the narrowing of airways during or after physical activity, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Distinguishin...

    Authors: Angela Klain, Mattia Giovannini, Luca Pecoraro, Simona Barni, Francesca Mori, Lucia Liotti, Carla Mastrorilli, Francesca Saretta, Riccardo Castagnoli, Stefania Arasi, Lucia Caminiti, Mariannita Gelsomino, Cristiana Indolfi, Michele Miraglia del Giudice and Elio Novembre
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:47
    Content type: Review Published on:

  37. Asthma is one of the most common non-communicable diseases, and its prevalence and morbidity are influenced by a wide array of factors that are only partially understood. In addition to individual predispositi...

    Authors: Laura Bisoffi, Giovanni Sassudelli, Fabio Agostinis, Annalisa Cogo, Renato Cutrera, Irene Dalpiaz, Maria Elisa Di Cicco, Battista Guidi, Stefania La Grutta, Andrea Miceli, Francesca Mori, Giorgio Piacentini, Diego Peroni, Deborah Snjiders, Mattia Giovannini and Ermanno Baldo
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:42
    Content type: Review Published on:

  38. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening reaction characterized by the acute onset of symptoms involving different organ systems and requiring immediate medical intervention. The incidence of fatal food anaphylaxis i...

    Authors: Elio Novembre, Mariannita Gelsomino, Lucia Liotti, Simona Barni, Francesca Mori, Mattia Giovannini, Carla Mastrorilli, Luca Pecoraro, Francesca Saretta, Riccardo Castagnoli, Stefania Arasi, Lucia Caminiti, Angela Klain and Michele Miraglia del Giudice
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:40
    Content type: Review Published on:

    The Letter to the Editor to this article has been published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:232

    The Letter to the Editor to this article has been published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:233

  39. Imported allergens are involved in many allergic reactions, with unexpected and unusual implications. They can be involved in developing asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Hymenoptera venom allergies and fo...

    Authors: Luca Pecoraro, Mattia Giovannini, Francesca Mori, Simona Barni, Riccardo Castagnoli, Stefania Arasi, Carla Mastrorilli, Francesca Saretta, Lucia Liotti, Lucia Caminiti, Angela Klain, Mariannita Gelsomino, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice and Elio Novembre
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:36
    Content type: Review Published on:

  40. Notifications of invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections have significantly increased in many European Countries compared to the previous season. In Italy, there has been an increase in streptococcal ...

    Authors: Maria De Filippo, Angela Klain, Ilaria Brambilla, Silvia Caimmi, Riccardo Castagnoli, Cristiana Indolfi, Giulio Dinardo, Amelia Licari, Alberto Martelli, Maria Angela Tosca, Martina Votto, Gian Luigi Marseglia and Michele Miraglia del Giudice
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:29
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  41. Within 6 months of the coronavirus pandemic, a new disease entity associated with a multisystem hyperinflammation syndrome as a result of a previous infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus is increasingly being id...

    Authors: Chih-Jen Chen, Hsu-Yen Kao, Ching-Hua Huang, Chia-Jung Li, Cheng-Hsien Hung and Su-Boon Yong
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:18
    Content type: Review Published on:

  42. Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that predominantly affects children, and no specific diagnostic biomarkers for KD are available. Platelet-derived growth factor CC (PDG...

    Authors: Jing Zhang, Penghui Yang, Yihao Liu, Zhuo Chen, Jinhui Wu, Siqi Feng and Qijian Yi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2024 50:16
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. To study whether the four locus gene model consisting of ADRB2 rs1042713, IL4 rs2243250, FCER1B rs569108 and L13 rs20541 can predict asthma of the Kazak children in Xinjiang, China.

    Authors: Shasha Bai, Jun Lu, Li Hua, Quanhua Liu, Mengxue Chen, Yutong Gu, Jianhua Zhang, Dongjun Ma and Yixiao Bao
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2023 49:162
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Coronary status at one month after Kawasaki disease (KD) onset had a great significance. The present study aimed to establish a prediction model for coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) at one month in children wit...

    Authors: Yunjia Tang, Chuxin Ding, Qiuqin Xu, Wanping Zhou, Yiming Qin, Meihua Lu and Haitao Lv
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2023 49:146
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Maternal diabetes might be related to a high risk of allergic disease in offspring. However, it remains unknown if maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is also associated with a high incidence of child...

    Authors: Xufeng Huang, Zhengguo Huang, Jing Zhang and You Jiang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2023 49:139
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been the mainstay of treatment for Kawasaki disease (KD) over the past decades. However, 10–20% of KD patients are resistant to IVIG treatment which puts those patients at...

    Authors: Rui Zhang, Shuping Shuai, Hongxi Zhang, Jianghui Cai, Na Cui, Mi Tang, Shasha Xing, Yu Gao, Xia Liu and Xiao Yang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2023 49:78
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. Kawasaki disease (KD) is a medium vessel vasculitis, of unknown etiology, typically presenting in children younger than 5 years of age. Prolonged fever (at least five days) is a major clinical criterion of KD,...

    Authors: Wenyan Jiao, Li Wei, Fuyong Jiao, Dorina Pjetraj, Jianying Feng, Jvyan Wang, Carlo Catassi and Simona Gatti
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2023 49:60
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  49. The optimal therapeutic window to start intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for Kawasaki disease (KD) is highly debatable. We aimed to summarize the existing literature to evaluate the therapeutic window of IVIG...

    Authors: Zheng Li, Jianghui Cai, Jing Lu, Mingju Wang, Chenmei Yang, Zheng Zeng, Qian Tang, Jianhong Li, Wen Tang, Huiling Luo, Gaofeng Pan and Xingmao Zeng
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2023 49:45
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. In Sicily, the first wave of COVID-19 showed a low epidemic impact in paediatric population, while the second and the third waves had a higher impact on clinical presentation of COVID-19 in children and a sign...

    Authors: Maria Cristina Maggio, Salvatore Giordano, Maria Concetta Failla, Martina Gioacchina Campione, Annalisa Alaimo and Giovanni Corsello
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2023 49:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

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Italian Journal of Pediatrics

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