Impact of ASD and ADHD on pediatric asthma exacerbations: a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2005–2020

Table 4 Stratified associations of ASD, ADHD, and complications in children admitted for asthma

Outcomes	Compared with children without ASD or ADHD ^a
	ASD alone		ADHD alone		ASD-ADHD
	aOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value
Age < 10 years
Complications, any	1.27 (0.93–1.75)	0.135	0.95 (0.68–1.31)	0.737	1.54 (1.05–2.26)	0.027
Epilepsy	3.94 (1.58–9.83)	0.003	1.27 (0.39–4.15)	0.688	3.39 (1.20–9.54)	0.021
Pneumonia	1.28 (0.81-2.00)	0.293	1.03 (0.64–1.65)	0.915	1.95 (1.19–3.20)	0.008
Age ≥ 10 years
Complications, any	1.67 (1.20–2.32)	0.002	1.17 (0.84–1.63)	0.355	1.91 (1.28–2.85)	0.002
Epilepsy	3.77 (1.35–10.52)	0.011	0.77 (0.21–2.83)	0.691	3.70 (1.31–10.43)	0.013
Pneumonia	2.38 (1.51–3.75)	< 0.001	1.19 (0.74–1.90)	0.472	2.06 (1.12–3.77)	0.020

Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, no event occurred in one group
P-values < 0.05 are shown in bold
^a Adjusted for related variables of p-value < 0.05 in univariate analysis (except for the stratified variable), including psychiatric comorbidities, medical comorbidities, and year of admission

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