Table 1 Characteristics of the study population after propensity score matching

Demography

 Age, years

10.0 ± 0.1

10.1 ± 0.1

10.0 ± 0.1

10.0 ± 0.2

9.9 ± 0.1

0.880

  5–9

1218 (49.9)

348 (50.0)

348 (49.8)

174 (49.9)

348 (49.9)

0.140

  10–14

961 (39.4)

256 (36.6)

282 (40.6)

141 (40.3)

282 (40.5)

  15–19

264 (10.7)

94 (13.4)

68 (9.6)

34 (9.8)

68 (9.6)

 Sex

1.000

  Male

2184 (89.5)

624 (89.5)

624 (89.4)

312 (89.3)

624 (89.5)

  Female

259 (10.6)

74 (10.5)

74 (10.6)

37 (10.7)

74 (10.5)

 Race/ethnicity

< 0.001

  White

808 (37.1)

240 (39.0)

232 (36.9)

151 (47.7)

185 (29.8)

  Black

799 (36.6)

192 (31.4)

271 (42.5)

96 (30.7)

240 (39.0)

  Hispanic

403 (18.3)

118 (19.2)

95 (14.9)

43 (13.4)

147 (23.6)

  Other

174 (8.0)

65 (10.5)

36 (5.7)

26 (8.2)

47 (7.7)

  Missing

259

83

64

33

79

Psychiatric comorbidities

268 (11.0)

65 (9.3)

120 (17.2)

74 (21.3)

9 (1.3)

< 0.001

 Anxiety state

134 (5.5)

27 (3.9)

59 (8.4)

43 (12.5)

5 (0.7)

< 0.001

 Bipolar disorder

52 (2.2)

6 (0.9)

27 (3.9)

19 (5.4)

0 (0.0)

-

 Aggressive disorder

1 (0.04)

1 (0.15)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

-

 Depressive disorder

41 (1.7)

6 (0.9)

29 (4.2)

5 (1.5)

1 (0.1)

< 0.001

 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

2 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

-

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder

28 (1.2)

4 (0.6)

7 (1.0)

16 (4.7)

1 (0.1)

< 0.001

 Speech disturbance

9 (0.4)

3 (0.4)

4 (0.6)

1 (0.3)

1 (0.2)

0.618

 Developmental disorders of speech

53 (2.2)

25 (3.6)

14 (2.1)

12 (3.4)

2 (0.3)

< 0.001

 Developmental disorders of motor function

3 (0.1)

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

-

Medical comorbidities

135 (5.6)

57 (8.2)

29 (4.2)

29 (8.4)

20 (2.9)

< 0.001

 Malnutrition

5 (0.2)

3 (0.4)

1 (0.1)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

-

 Obstructive sleep apnea

81 (3.4)

32 (4.7)

24 (3.5)

15 (4.4)

10 (1.5)

0.004

 Central Sleep Apnea

1 (0.04)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

1 (0.20)

-

 Congenital anomalies of the heart

23 (1.0)

11 (1.6)

2 (0.3)

9 (2.6)

1 (0.2)

< 0.001

 Neuromuscular disorder

31 (1.3)

14 (2.0)

2 (0.3)

6 (1.7)

9 (1.3)

0.011

Insurance status/Primary Payer

< 0.001

 Medicare/Medicaid

1532 (63.0)

434 (62.2)

463 (66.6)

230 (67.2)

405 (58.1)

 Private including HMO

759 (31.1)

224 (32.0)

209 (30.0)

95 (27.3)

231 (33.2)

 Self-pay/no-charge/other

144 (5.9)

40 (5.8)

24 (3.4)

19 (5.6)

61 (8.8)

 Missing

8

0

2

5

1

Weekend admission

712 (29.1)

186 (26.6)

192 (27.5)

118 (33.8)

216 (30.8)

0.029

Year of admission

< 0.001

  2005–2008

532 (21.0)

107 (14.8)

147 (20.4)

40 (10.7)

238 (33.1)

  2009–2012

601 (24.3)

155 (22.0)

187 (26.3)

77 (21.8)

182 (25.9)

  2013–2016

697 (29.1)

197 (28.6)

224 (32.8)

108 (31.4)

168 (24.8)

  2017–2020

613 (25.6)

239 (34.7)

140 (20.5)

124 (36.1)

110 (16.2)

Hospital characteristics

 Hospital bed size

0.596

  Small

405 (16.3)

107 (15.2)

121 (17.1)

68 (19.2)

109 (15.3)

  Medium

580 (24.0)

167 (24.3)

162 (23.5)

82 (23.6)

169 (24.6)

  Large

1451 (59.6)

423 (60.6)

412 (59.5)

199 (57.2)

417 (60.1)

  Missing

7

1

3

0

3

 Location/teaching status

< 0.001

  Rural

141 (5.8)

35 (5.1)

43 (6.3)

11 (3.2)

52 (7.4)

  Urban nonteaching

367 (14.8)

92 (13.0)

91 (12.8)

35 (9.7)

149 (21.1)

  Urban teaching

1928 (79.4)

570 (82.0)

561 (80.9)

303 (87.1)

494 (71.5)

  Missing

7

1

3

0

3

 Hospital region

< 0.001

  Northeast

628 (26.0)

180 (26.1)

175 (25.3)

93 (26.9)

180 (26.3)

  Midwest

484 (19.7)

135 (19.2)

161 (23.0)

76 (21.7)

112 (16.0)

  South

955 (38.9)

250 (35.9)

287 (40.9)

136 (38.8)

282 (39.9)

  West

376 (15.4)

133 (18.8)

75 (10.8)

44 (12.7)

124 (17.8)