Fig. 1

T-SNE clustering visualization of original and SMOTE-enhanced data. A. T-SNE clustering visualisation of the original data. B. T-SNE clustering visualisation of the data after the SMOTE algorithm. Each point represents a patient, with blue indicating nonresponders and green indicating responders. The similar distribution intervals of responders and nonresponders confirm that there is no significant change in the data distribution after SMOTE compared with the original data distribution