Fig. 4

MetaMapp metabolomic networks illustrating differentially expressed metabolites in serum samples from pediatric ALL patients. Nodes represent individual metabolites, while edges denote biochemical (KEGG reactant pairs) and chemical (Tanimoto coefficient > 0.7) relationships. The orange circle indicates a significant increase in pediatric patients with ALL compared to controls, whereas the blue circle represents a significant decrease. The relative abundance of each metabolite is demonstrated by the Log10 (normalized peak area). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001