Comparison of different methods for reducing pain during a heel lance in newborns: a randomized trial

Table 3 Distribution of measurements performed in newborns by group

Variable	Experimental groups
	Breastfeeding^a			SSC^b			Swaddling + holding^c			*X²	p
	M ± SD	Median	Min-Max	M ± SD	Median	Min-Max	M ± SD	Median	Min-Max
Heart rate
Before the procedure	130.97 ± 15.88	133	91–161	137.00 ± 17.79	138	103–167	126.73 ± 16.33	123.5	100–173	5.178	0.075
10 s after the procedure started	153.60 ± 15.81	151	128–197	161.80 ± 16.43	160.5	130–193	151.73 ± 14.65	152	122–176	6.155	0.046 a, c < b
After the procedure	134.50 ± 15.23	135	98–172	139.10 ± 18.03	140.5	100–176	129.67 ± 13.69	130.5	105–163	6.489	0.038 c < b
Oxygen saturation
Before the procedure	94.83 ± 2.21	94.5	90–98	94.43 ± 2.43	95	89–98	95.57 ± 2.49	96	90–99	3.939	0.139
10 s after the procedure started	90.93 ± 3.02	90	85–97	91.53 ± 3.16	91	85–98	91.10 ± 4.05	91	80–98	0.738	0.691
After the procedure	94.17 ± 2.05	94.5	90–98	94.43 ± 2.87	95	88–98	94.80 ± 2.61	95	89–98	1.536	0.463
Total crying time (sec)	85.83 ± 73.01	65	0-300	128.17 ± 85.71	115	0-350	112.00 ± 49.65	100	20–250	6.043	0.048 a < b
HL time (sec)	132.00 ± 58.33	120	60–250	119.33 ± 40.42	105	60–240	118.67 ± 35.89	120	60–200	0.259	0.878
Total time (sec)	372.00 ± 58.33	360	300–490	359.33 ± 40.42	345	300–480	358.00 ± 36.62	360	300–440	0.256	0.879

M: Mean, SD: Standard Deviation SSC: skin-to-skin contact, *X²: Kruskal-Wallis Test

ISSN: 1824-7288