Comparison of different methods for reducing pain during a heel lance in newborns: a randomized trial

Table 2 Distribution of neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS) scores of newborns by group

NIPS Scores	Experimental groups
	Breastfeeding^a			SSC^b			Swaddling + holding^c			X²	p
	M ± SD	Median	Min-Max	M ± SD	Median	Min-Max	M ± SD	Median	Min-Max
Before the procedure	0.40 ± 0.86	0.0	0–3	1.40 ± 1.94	0.0	0–6	0.93 ± 1.72	0.0	0–5	4.240	0.120
10 s after the procedure started	5.73 ± 1.41	6.0	2–7	6.27 ± 1.17	7.0	4–7	6.57 ± 0.82	7.0	4–7	6.995	0.030 a < c
After the procedure	0.87 ± 1.83	0.0	0–7	2.10 ± 2.35	1.5	0–7	2.23 ± 2.01	2.0	0–6	10.585	0.005 a < c, b

M: Mean, SD: Standard Deviation, SSC: skin-to-skin contact, X²: Kruskal-Wallis Test

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