Comparison of different methods for reducing pain during a heel lance in newborns: a randomized trial

Table 1 Distribution of sociodemographic characteristics of the study groups

Variable	Breastfeeding		SSC		Swaddling+ holding		Test, p-value
Variable	M ± SD		M ± SD		M ± SD		Test, p-value
Mother’s age	29.77 ± 5.80		29.43 ± 6.37		26.27 ± 4.61		0.034^F
1st min APGAR Score	8.77 ± 0.50		8.93 ± 0.25		8.90 ± 0.31		0.163 ^X2
5th min APGAR Score	9.60 ± 0.50		9.77 ± 0.43		9.83 ± 0.38		0.112 ^X2
Weight at birth (g)	3195.00 ± 338.73		3207.83 ± 343.86		3288.50 ± 256.38		0.464^F
Height at birth(cm)	50.07 ± 0.78		49.93 ± 1.01		50.00 ± 0.69		0.892 ^X2
Gestational age	38.47 ± 0.73		38.67 ± 0.88		38.77 ± 0.86		0.332 ^X2
	n	%	n	%	n	%	Test, *p-value*
Newborn’s sex
Female	12	40.0	18	60.0	15	50.0	0.3012^*
Male	18	60.0	12	40.0	15	50.0	0.3012^*
Mode of birth
Cesarean	16	53.3	17	56.7	12	40.0	0.393^*
Normal birth	14	46.7	13	43.3	18	60.0	0.393^*
Mother’s educational status
Primary school	19	63.3	15	50.0	17	56.7	0.102^**
High school	5	16.7	9	30.0	12	40.0
Undergraduate and higher	6	20.0	6	20.0	1	3.3
Mother’s employment status
Employed	4	13.3	7	23.3	1	3.3	0.084^**
Unemployed	26	86.7	23	76.7	29	96.7	0.084^**
Was pregnancy planned
Yes	23	76.7	22	73.3	23	76.7	0.941^*
No	7	23.3	8	26.7	7	23.3	0.941^*

M: Mean, SD: Standard Deviation, SSC: skin-to-skin contact, F: ANOVA, X²: Kruskal-Wallis H test, *Chi-square analysis, **Fisher’s exact test

ISSN: 1824-7288