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Table 6 Level of lead and manganese concentration (µg/ gram) in the hair of the studied groups (Pediatric Alexandria University Hospital, 2022)

From: Association between some environmental risk factors and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among children in Egypt: a case-control study

Metals

Cases

(n = 126)

Controls

(n = 126)

Test of significance

(p-value)

OR (95%CI)

Lead (µg/ gram)

    

 Min. – Max.

0.0–13.0

0.0–4.10

U = 6274.0*

0.004*

1.41 (1.16–1.70)

 Mean ± SD

2.58 ± 1.95

1.87 ± 0.92

  

 Median (IQR)

2.20 (1.20–3.50)

1.75 (1.20–2.70)

  

Manganese (µg/ gram)

   

2.26 (1.69–3.02)

 Min. – Max.

0.0–7.0

0.10–2.60

U = 4870.5*

< 0.001*

 

 Mean ± SD

2.10 ± 1.54

1.11 ± 0.69

  

 Median (IQR)

1.85 (1.0–2.90)

1.0 (0.40–1.70)

  
  1. U: Mann Whitney test, OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05