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Table 5 Risk of ADHD in relation to lifestyle of the child, exposure to electromagnetic radiation, and dietary and snacking habits (Pediatric Alexandria University Hospital, 2022)

From: Association between some environmental risk factors and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among children in Egypt: a case-control study

Risk factors

Case

(n = 126)

Control

(n = 126)

OR (95%CI)

No. (%)

No. (%).

Child plays with plastic toys

   

 No (Ref)

 Yes

2 (1.6)

124 (98.4)

16 (12.7)

110 (87.3)

1

9.02 (2.03–40.10)

Exposure of the child to household pesticides

   

 No (Ref)

 Yes

11 (8.7)

115 (91.3)

108 (85.7)

18 (14.3)

1

62.73 (28.33–138.87)

The child’s daily watching of TV

   

 No (Ref)

 < 2 h

 2–5 h

 > 5 h

1 (0.8)

16 (12.7)

44 (34.9)

65 (51.6)

4 (3.2)

52 (41.3)

62 (49.2)

8 (6.3)

1

1.23 (0.13–11.82)

2.84 (0.31–26.27)

32.50 (3.22–327.77)

The child’s daily usage of mobile phone

   

 ≤ 2 h/ day (Ref)

 >2 h/ day

14 (11.1)

112 (88.9)

31 (24.6)

95 (75.4)

1

2.61 (1.31–5.19)

The child’s daily usage of computer

   

 ≤ 2 h/ day (Ref)

 > 2 h/ day

19 (15.1)

107 (84.9)

35 (27.8)

91 (72.2)

1

2.17 (1.16– 4.05)

Eating potato crisps

   

 No (Ref)

 Once weekly

 2–5 times weekly

13 (10.3)

18 (14.3)

95 (75.4)

63 (50.0)

46 (36.5)

17 (13.5)

1

1.90 (0.85–4.26)

27.08 (12.30–59.63)

Eating commercial packed noodles

   

 No (Ref)

 Once a week

 2–5 times weekly

 Daily

6 (4.8)

39 (31.0)

71 (56.3)

10 (7.9)

71 (56.3)

27 (21.4)

25 (19.8)

3 (2.4)

1

17.09 (6.50–45.0)

33.61 (13.00–86.88)

39.44 (8.49–183.24)

Drinking of carbonated beverages

   

 No (Ref)

 Once per week

 2–5 times weekly

 Daily

20 (15.9)

57 (45.2)

47 (37.3)

2 (1.6)

48 (38.1)

46 (36.5)

29 (23.0)

3 (2.4)

1

2.97 (1.55–5.69)

3.89 (1.94–7.81)

1.60 (0.25–10.32)

Eating sweets

   

 No (Ref)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.6)

1

 2–5 times weekly

 Once weekly

 Daily

33 (26.2)

18 (14.3)

75 (59.5)

45 (35.7)

34 (27.0)

45 (35.7)

1.76 (0.74–4.18)

2.68 (0.12–58.83)

4.00 (1.75–9.13)

Drinking of milk

   

 No

 Once a week

 2–5 times weekly

 Daily (Ref)

35 (27.8)

43 (34.1)

30 (23.8)

18 (14.3)

4 (3.2)

11 (8.7)

66 (52.4)

45 (35.7)

21.88 (6.79–70.48)

9.77 (4.14–23.06)

1.14 (0.57–2.28)

1

Eating vegetable and fruits

   

 No (Ref)

 ≤ 3 times weekly

 Daily

87 (69.0)

2 (1.6)

37 (29.4)

40 (31.8)

8 (6.3)

78 (61.9)

1

0.12 (0.02–0.57)

0.22 (0.13–0.38)

  1. Ref: reference, OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval
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Italian Journal of Pediatrics

ISSN: 1824-7288

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