Table 4 Risk estimation of ADHD regarding exposure to some indoor and outdoor environmental factors (Pediatric Alexandria University Hospital, 2022)

Using of pesticides at home

 No (Ref)

 Sometimes

 ≥ 3 times weekly

2 (1.6)

75 (59.5)

49 (38.9)

8 (6.3)

100 (79.4)

18 (14.3)

1

3.00 (0.62–14.54)

10.89 (2.11–56.19)

Source of water at home

 Water company (Ref)

 Groundwater untreated

114 (90.5)

12 (9.5)

124 (98.4)

2 (1.6)

1

6.85 (1.50–31.30)

Type of pipes of water at home

 Old leaded pipes

 New plastic pipes (Ref)

62 (49.2)

64 (50.8)

33 (26.2)

93 (73.8)

2.73 (1.61–4.63)

1

Type of fuel used at home

21 (16.7)

113 (89.7)

1

 Natural gas (Ref)

 Others

105 (83.3)

13 (10.3)

43.46 (20.72–91.18)

Sufficient natural lighting and aeration at home

 No

 Yes (Ref)

77 (61.1)

49 (38.9)

48 (38.1)

78 (61.9)

2.55 (1.54–4.24)

–

Type of painted surfaces

 Wallpaper (Ref)

 Old oil paint

 New oil paint

 Plastic paint

25 (19.8

92 (73.0)

3 (2.4)

6 (4.8)

18 (14.3)

9 (7.1)

29 (23.0)

70 (55.6)

1

7.36 (2.95–18.36)

0.07 (0.02–0.28)

0.06 (0.02–0.17)

Living near highway

 No (Ref)

 Yes

63 (50.0)

63 (50.0)

123 (97.6)

3 (2.4)

1

41.00 (12.38–135.77)

Living near high traffic street

 No (Ref)

 Yes

62 (49.2)

64 (50.8)

82 (65.0)

44 (35.0)

-

1.90 (1.17–3.28)

Living near gas station

 No (Ref)

 Yes

56 (44.4)

70 (55.6)

120 (95.2)

6 (4.8)

1

25 (10.25–61.00)

Living near landfill

 No (Ref)

 Yes

115 (91.3)

11 (8.7)

125 (99.2)

1 (0.8)

1

11.96 (1.52–94.07)

Living near industrial area

 No (Ref)

 Yes

107 (84.9)

19 (15.1)

117 (92.9)

9 (7.1)

1

2.3 (1.00 –5.32)

Living near agriculture area

 No (Ref)

 Yes

72 (57.1)

54 (42.9)

124 (98.4)

2 (1.6)

1

46.50 (11.01–196.44)