Table 4 Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis of association between NDDs and HHVs

Case–control studies

ASD and HSV

Total

8

1.83 (0.57–5.84)

74%

 < 0.01

Detection indicator

0.78

-Antibody

3

2.03 (0.46–8.89)

85%

 < 0.01

-DNA

5

1.33 (0.10–17.16)

45%

0.18

ASD and EBV

Total

6

2.19 (0.80–5.99)

77%

 < 0.01

Detection indicator

 < 0.01

-Antibody

2

1.14 (0.62–2.10)

0%

0.54

-DNA

4

5.88 (2.98–11.59)

0%

0.77

Region

0.66

-America

2

1.56 (0.61–3.97)

0%

0.59

-Europe

4

2.44 (0.41–14.53)

91%

 < 0.01

ASD and CMV

Total

12

2.66 (1.15–6.15)

66%

 < 0.01

Sample collection time

0.01

-after neonatal period

8

1.53 (0.71–3.32)

56%

0.03

-a postnatal week

4

9.84 (2.97–32.54)

0%

0.48

Detection indicator

0.12

-Antibody

5

1.34 (0.60–3.02)

60%

0.04

-DNA

7

3.96 (1.34–11.74)

56%

0.03

Sample source

0.03

-Serum

5

1.34 (0.60–3.02)

60%

0.04

-Dried blood spot

4

9.84 (2.97–32.54)

0%

0.48

Region

0.43

-America

2

0.91 (0.39–2.12)

0%

0.38

-Asia

3

5.64 (1.05–30.24)

84%

 < 0.01

-Europe

6

1.82 (0.54–6.16)

51%

0.08

ASD and HHV-6

Total

6

3.93 (2.39–6.45)

19%

0.29

Region

0.48

-America

2

4.44 (1.45–13.56)

0%

0.82

-Europe

4

2.53 (0.84–7.57)

51%

0.11

ASD and HHV-7

Total

2

1.87 (0.08–41.34)

74%

0.05

ADHD and CMV

Total

2

14.12 (0.04–4727.02)

96%

 < 0.01

TD and EBV

Total

3

8.48 (2.51–20.50)

0%

0.75

TD and CMV

Total

7

14.16 (2.88–69.61)

83%

 < 0.01

Detection indicator

0.80

-Antibody

3

9.53 (0.21–411.27)

93%

 < 0.01

-DNA

4

15.69 (5.53–44.54)

0%

0.80

Retrospective cohort studies

CMV and ASD

Total

2

4.61 (0.46–46.08)

69%

0.07

CMV and ADHD

Total

2

0.59 (0.17–2.05)

0%

0.33