Table 2 Summary of human milk biomarker and neurodevelopmental outcomes
Biological Components | References | Possible Effect |
|---|---|---|
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | 28 | Higher levels of serum BDNF in breastfed infants, compared to formula fed infants |
29 | concentrations levels were higher (p < 0.05) in the preeclampsia group as compared to controls | |
30 | levels were lower at 1.5 months (10.5%) in the preeclampsia group as compared to control group | |
31 | Serum and milk BDNF levels are higher in epileptic infants than in controls and may be used as a marker of disease severity. | |
32 | present in all samples of human milk | |
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor | 32 33 | present in all samples of human milk detected in HM even up to 3 months of lactation |
S100 B | 32 | present in all samples of human milk |
36 | present in preterm milk as well as in term milk during maturation degree | |
Activin A | 39 | Detectable in all the measured milk samples, either in term or preterm milk samples |
40 | No significant differences between preeclamptic and normotensive women. | |
Milk Fat Globule Membrane (supplementation to diet) | 46 | accelerated neurodevelopmental profile at day 365 and improved language subcategories at day 545. |
47 | Higher hand and eye coordination IQ, performance IQ, and general IQ. | |
48 | no differences in growth and neurodevelopment were found between groups. | |
49 | Higher cognitive score |