Table 1 Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of neonates with non-severe and severe COVID-19
Characteristic | Non-severe group (n = 84) | Severe group (n = 24) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Male, n (%) | 46 (54.8) | 17 (70.8) | 0.159 |
Age at admission (d), median (IQR) | 15.4 (7.6–22.6) | 21.1 (16.4–26.2) | 0.023 |
Weight at admission (kg), mean (SD) | 3.7 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.7) | 0.023 |
Birth weight (kg), mean (SD) | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.4) | 0.981 |
Gestational age at birth (wk), mean (SD) | 39.3 (1.2) | 38.8 (1.5) | 0.107 |
Mode of delivery, n (%) | 0.606 | ||
Vaginal | 40 (47.6) | 10 (41.7) | N/A |
Caesarean | 44 (52.4) | 14 (58.3) | N/A |
Feeding pattern, n (%) | 0.065 | ||
Breastfeeding | 22 (26.2) | 11 (45.8) | N/A |
Formula feeding | 28 (33.3) | 9 (37.5) | N/A |
Mixed feeding | 34 (40.5) | 4 (16.7) | N/A |
Contact of patients with COVID-19, n (%) | 0.312 | ||
Family members | 77 (91.7) | 20 (83.3) | N/A |
Other caregivers | 1 (1.2) | 1 (4.2) | N/A |
Unknown | 6 (7.1) | 3 (12.5) | N/A |
Fever, n (%) | 74 (88.1) | 22 (91.7) | 0.902 |
Maximum body temperature in °C, mean (SD) | 38.2 (0.4) | 38.1 (0.3) | 0.190 |
Fever duration in d, median (IQR) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.308 |
Cough, n (%) | 49 (58.3) | 11 (45.8) | 0.277 |
Cough duration in d, median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.5) | 0.655 |
Trachyphonia, n (%) | 6 (7.1) | 0 | 0.400 |
Tachypnoea, n (%) | 7 (8.3) | 3 (12.5) | 0.824 |
Apnoea, n (%) | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 0.222 |
Vomiting, n (%) | 4 (4.8) | 4 (16.7) | 0.128 |
Diarrhoea, n (%) | 12 (14.3) | 3 (12.5) | 1.000 |
Seizures, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (4.2) | 0.379 |
Poor feeding, n (%) | 15 (17.9) | 5 (20.8) | 0.974 |
Lethargy, n (%) | 16 (19.0) | 6 (25.0) | 0.725 |
WBC (×109/L), median (IQR) | 8.4 (6.6–10.5) | 4.5 (4.3–4.9) | < 0.001 |
NEU (×109/L), median (IQR) | 2.6 (1.9–4.2) | 1.7 (1.2–2.1) | < 0.001 |
LYM (×109/L), median (IQR) | 3.3 (2.3–4.8) | 1.7 (1.1–2.1) | < 0.001 |
RBC (×1012/L), mean (SD) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.1 (0.6) | 0.061 |
HB (g/L), mean (SD) | 151.1 (30.5) | 140.2 (21.7) | 0.054 |
PLT (×109/L), median (IQR) | 304.5 (224.5–357.2) | 277 (233.5–324.2) | 0.402 |
CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 0.6 (0.2–2.2) | 0.2 (0.2–1.1) | 0.085 |
PCT (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.227 |
TB (µmol/L), median (IQR) | 122.4 (57.1–198.9) | 193.5 (142.2–223.4) | 0.008 |
DB (µmol/L), median (IQR) | 15.8 (8.7–19.9) | 16.2 (7.5–19.2) | 0.836 |
ALB (g/L), median (IQR) | 37.0 (34.5–39.2) | 37.0 (34.6–39.4) | 0.825 |
ALP (U/L), mean (SD) | 213.7 (78.1) | 233.8 (79.3) | 0.269 |
ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 16.0 (13.0–20.0) | 17.5 (12.0–26.2) | 0.649 |
AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 36.5 (32.0–46.0) | 39.0 (31.0–46.0) | 0.574 |
CK (U/L), median (IQR) | 123.0 (91.5–182.8) | 106.0 (89.8–131.2) | 0.358 |
CK-MB (U/L), median (IQR) | 33.0 (28.5–41.2) | 30.0 (21.8–44.5) | 0.579 |
LDH (U/L), median (IQR) | 321.5 (270.8–355.8) | 273.5 (255.2–315.5) | 0.060 |
Pneumonia on chest X-ray or CT, n (%) | 0 | 5 (20.8) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | 83 (98.8) | 24 (100) | 1.000 |
Jaundice, n (%) | 54 (64.3) | 21 (87.5) | 0.029 |
Anaemia, n (%) | 36 (42.9) | 13 (54.2) | 0.326 |
Congenital cardiovascular abnormalities, n (%)a | 11 (13.1) | 2 (8.3) | 0.782 |
Heart failure, n (%) | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 0.222 |
Non-acute intracranial haemorrhage, n (%)b | 4 (4.8) | 1 (4.2) | 1.000 |
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, n (%) | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 0.222 |
Congenital pulmonary bulla, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 1.000 |
Respiratory support, n (%) | 0 | 4 (16.7) | 0.002 |
High-flow oxygen, n (%) | 0 | 2 (8.3) | 0.048 |
Non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 0 | 2 (8.3) | 0.048 |
Invasive ventilation, n (%) | 0 | 0 | N/A |
Length of hospitalisation (d), median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–4.0) | 0.779 |